For the utility classes, we'll create a package `utils` and add classes that will help with JSON data handling and date formatting. Here's how we'll implement this: 1. First, create a `utils` package in the `src/main/java` directory. 2. Create a `JsonUtils` class to handle JSON data operations: ```java package com.example.todo.utils; import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper; import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature; import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; public class JsonUtils { private static final ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper(); static { mapper.enable(SerializationFeature.INDENT_OUTPUT); } public static String convertObjectToJson(Object object) throws IOException { return mapper.writeValueAsString(object); } public static T convertJsonToObject(String json, Class clazz) throws IOException { return mapper.readValue(json, clazz); } public static String convertObjectToJsonPretty(String jsonString) throws IOException { return mapper.writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter().writeValueAsString(mapper.readTree(jsonString)); } } ``` 3. Create a `DateUtils` class to handle date formatting: ```java package com.example.todo.utils; import java.time.LocalDateTime; import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter; public class DateUtils { private static final DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"); public static String getCurrentTimestamp() { return formatter.format(LocalDateTime.now()); } } ``` 4. Add the required Jackson dependency to your `pom.xml` (if using Maven): ```xml com.fasterxml.jackson.core jackson-databind 2.15.1 ``` These utility classes will help with: - JSON serialization/deserialization using Jackson library - Consistent date formatting throughout the application - Keeping the main code clean by separating concerns Next steps: 1. Create the `Task` class in the model package 2. Create the `TaskManager` class in the manager package Reference links: - [Jackson JSON Processing](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson) - [Java 8 DateTimeFormatter](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/format/DateTimeFormatter.html)